Verb

The main verbal forms are the infinitive (which ends in -ti or cci) and the present tense (first person singular ends in -m). We can form all other forms from the infinitive and the present tense:

1. infinitive delati (work) pecci bake

2. supine delat pecc

3. participle in -l delal pekel

4. participle in -n or -t delan peccen

5. verbal noun delanje peccenje

6. present tense delam peccem

7. imperative delaj pecci

8. participle in -cc delajocc pekocc

Forms 1-5 we make according to the following patterns:

I. del/a-ti -t -l -n -nje

Sed/e-ti -t -l -n -nje

II krozz/I-ti -t -l /en /enje

III nes/ti /t /#l /en /enje

IV pi/ti /t /l /t /the

The verbs in group II before -en and -enje usually change the last consonant according to the following pattern:

Nositi nossen zvoniti zvonjenje otopiti topljen

Voziti vozzen voliti voljen bljubiti obljubljen

Roditi rojen umoriti umorjen uloviti ulovlen

Usmiriti usmrccen premisliti premissljen

Pustiti pussccen

The forms 6-8 are formed according to the following pattern:

I. del-am -aj -ajocc

II. krozz-im -i -ecc

III. nes-em -i -occ

IV pi-jem -j -jocc

The verbs of groups III and IV are for the most part irregular, and therefore they must be memorised:

a) verbs in -sti: b) verbs in -cci:

bôsti bôdel bôden lécci légel polezzen lézi

go'sti go'del go'denje mocci mo'gel premozzenje pomozi

gristi grizel grizenje pecci pékel peccén pêci

kra'sti kra'del kra'denje récci rékel reccén rêci

lésti lézel lézenje sécci ségel sézzen sézi

nêsti nésel nesén strécci strégel strézzen strézi

pa'sti pa'del prepaden têcci tékel teccén têci

c) verbs in-reti: d) verbs in -eti -nem(-mem, -ljem)

dréti dr'l predr'l déti dénem

odpréti odpr'l odpr't kléti ko'lnem

tréti tr'l str'l napéti napném

umréti umr'l umr'l prijéti primem

zapréti zapr'l zapr'l ujéti uja'mem ujêmi

z^reti z^r'l z^r'the verjéti verja'mem verjêmi

vréti vrél zavrét vzéti vzamem vzêmi

e) other irregular verbs:

hotéti ho'ccem hôti hotécc

iméti ima'm iméj imajocc

iti grém po'jdi gredo'cc

kla'ti ko'ljem

mléti méljem

bíti sém bo'di bil

Conjugation of the present tense:

Singular Plural Dual

1. os. (jaz) dela-m (mi/me) dela-mo (midva/medve) dela-va

2. os. (ti) -ss (vi/ve) -te (vidva/vedve) -ta

3. os. (on, ona, ono) -* (oni -e, -a) -jo (onadva/onadve) -ta

The irregular verbs jém, grém, da'm, and vém have in the plural and dual the following endings:

jé-mo jé-va

-ste -sta

-do' -sta

As jém is conjugated, so is bo'm, which has 3 p. pl. bo'do.

The imperative in the singular does not express person, but in the dual (only for 1st and 2nd persons) it uses the same endings as the present tense.

The auxilliary verb in the present tense is conjugated like this:

Sem -nisem smo -nismo sva -nisva

Si -nisi ste -niste sta -nista

Je -ni si -niso sta -nista

Tenses:

Slovene has four tenses. Except for the productive present, all are formed with the participle in -l (or in -n, resp. -t) and the auxilliary:

a. Present: delam sem

b. Past: delal sem bil sem

c. Future; delal bom bom

d. Pluperfect delal sem bil

The auxilliary verb sem is an exception.

Moods:

Slovene has 3 moods:

Present Past Future Pluperfect

a. indicative: delam delal sem delal bom delal sem bil

b. imperative: delaj

c. conditional: delal bi delal bi bil

In indirect speech, instead of the imperative, naj + predicative mood is used.

Voices:

Slovene has 2 voices:

active: those verbal forms introduced under Moods, plus delati, delat, and delajocc.

passive:

a) tepen sem/tiska se tepen sem bil/tiskal se je tepen bom/tiskal se bo

b) bodi tepen/tiskaj se

c) tepen bi bil/tiskal bi se tepen bi bil/tiskal bi se bil

cc)biti tepen/tiskati se

d) tepen

The participle in -n or -t ordinarily express a state after a completed action: ubit "murdered, " delan "done".

The word se by a verb sometimes has no significance (smejati se) or else expresses intransivity (ubiti se).

Verbal Aspect

Aleksandra Ceferin, Thezaurus (Melbourne 2000)